Advantages of Vegetarianism - Free Essay Example

In todays society, only a small percentage of the worlds population leads a vegan or vegetarian lifestyle. This is largely due to most people not realizing what they are actually doing while simply eating a juicy hamburger or chicken strips. They may not know it, but they are supporting the number one cause of global warming and a major social issue, animal cruelty. This oblivion only harms society in the end as they are missing out on all the benefits a vegan and vegetarian lifestyle has. When used correctly, vegan and vegetarian lifestyles are healthy for not only humans, but they are also beneficial to planet Earth and its inhabitants. Nowadays, it is not surprising to find from the tiniest of tots to the eldest person scarfing down a Whataburger or a steak with no questions asked, yet we still wonder why obesity levels are at an all-time high in countries like the United States. According to the International Archives of Integrated Medicine, Vol. 2, Issue 3, numerous studies have demonstrated lower Body mass index, also known as BMI, values in people that adopted a vegetarian diet. The mean body mass of males and females was respectively 7.6 kg and 3.3 kg lower compared to those who consumed meat in their diets according to the Sabate and Wien study. A study by Spencer, and others showed that meat-eating subjects, of varying ages, had higher a higher BMI in both men and women. Leading a vegetarian or vegan diet also has a beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system because of the large quantities of vegetable and fruits being consumed. These plant-based foods provide the human body with multiple antioxidants, u nlike people who have a mixed diet who have lower antioxidant levels according to a study done by Somannavar and Kodliwadmath. These antioxidants in turn lead to the increase of cellular insulin, which reduces the risk of diabetes. This in turn can result in a higher life-expectancy rate for vegetarian and vegans compared to meat eaters because of the lower risk they have of getting chronic diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension and even colon cancer (208-9). With so many studies showing just how beneficial vegetarian and vegan diets are, I now know why so many doctors place patients on these diets when diagnosed with such diseases. I personally know this to be true as my father went through an extensive and strict diet and was able to lower his cholesterol and blood pressure by solely doing this. With such results, I am shocked that more people have not become vegetarian because after all, who would not want to reduce the risks of getting chronic diseases? Global warming is only increasing and there have not been many effective ways in lowering it, but there have been many of which only worsen the problem. According to David Nibert, American sociologist, author and professor of Sociology at Wittenburg University, this is in large part due to animal agriculture because as the demand for large-scale cattle ranches rises, global warming rises. Nibert mentions that all throughout Latin America, tropical forests were converted into ranches and pastures for raising cows solely for the purpose of food was the leading cause of deforestation, and that Central America has also been deforested over the past two decades in order to make room for cattle pastures, with the most common method used to clear these forests being to burn the land. This along with the loss of trees and plants that absorb carbon dioxide have been major contributors to global warming. Nibert goes on to mention that the release of methane gas into the Earths atmosphere is al l connected to the growing number of cows on Earth, which creates a greenhouse effect on the planet. This effect not only causes global warming, but it also causes climate change, as this greenhouse effect traps the suns warmth in the lower atmosphere. This is harmful to the worlds population as it exposes it to more radiation from the sun (202-3). With this in mind, I believe that a vegan or vegetarian diet is worth saving the planet. I mean it is just astonishing how much safer our environment would be if we got rid of animal factories. Global warming and climate change would be significantly reduced, thus exposing us to less UV rays from the sun. That sounds pretty good to me in exchange for not eating meat. I just hope that one day we could help stop these major global issues, so we could all live to see a brighter tomorrow in the world with the simple solution of not eating meat, so animal factories like the ones mentioned can stop harming the environment. Animal agriculture also gives way to animal cruelty. According to Erik Marcus, American chef, public speaker and author, there is a lot of animal cruelty that happens in the animal agriculture business, which is driven by non-vegetarians who increase the demand for meat. Since free range and organic dairy and egg farms are so expensive to uphold, its doubtful that a business could make as much profit compared to a non-organic or non-free-range farm because most consumers would buy the eggs that are cheaper. Marcus shares the shocking truth that the only reason free- range eggs are affordable is because most free-range egg farmers buy their female chicks from conventional hatcheries, which sell only females, killing the males. This leads to more than 250 million layer chicks being killed and discarded at hatcheries. Even free- range farms have their flaws, with virtually all free-range farms sending their hens to slaughter at an early age because they have higher shelter costs. Marcus continues on to say that while this this is really bad, the economics of dairy farming are even grimmer, with most dairy cows ending up slaughtered by their sixth birthday, whereas if dairies didnt send older cows to slaughter, most would live 20 years. Not only should this violate moral beliefs, but it should violate animal cruelty laws, but since there are so many loopholes, animal farms get away with such abuse. For example, Marcus mentions that most states exempt factory farms from inhumane-practice laws through a gap in the legal system known as Common Farming Exemptions, which are also known as CFE laws. These laws state that if a farm uses words such as common, customary and accepted, the farm is allowed any method of raising farm animals to continue. The CFE laws leave it to factory farms to decide what is and is not cruel, rather than the state deciding. If the industry adopts a practice, attorney David Wolfson writes, it automatically becomes legal, and farmers cannot be prosecuted for cruelty, no matter how horrific the practice (405-6). I believe this should not be considered fair as it is obvious that farms are only protecting themselves with these laws solely to make more profit. They do not care about the animals and their wellbeing, and in turn, only care about how much money they are getting from the slaughtering of these innocent animals, which is just plain wrong. They are going to biased when deciding what is cruel and what is not cruel since they are going to argue in their favor because they are the owners. This should really show just how much even just the slightest demand for animal products can support the slaughtering and abuse of animals and should make people think twice about eating meat. Although there are many health benefits that come along with having a vegan or vegetarian diet, it may only be healthy when essential vitamins and nutrients are carefully monitored, which can prove to be a great struggle and make it hard to be healthy. According to Natasha Mann, reporter for the London newspaper, The Independent, a diet without meat is unhealthy when not used properly and impractical. Mann mentions, Nigel Denby, a dietician and author, says It can be hard enough bringing up a child to eat healthily, but with a vegan diet you are really making a difficult job for yourself. It is absolutely not something you should try without support from a dietician. Denby shows just how much care has to be put into sustaining a vegan diet as he believes every mealtime has to be an opportunity to eat high-nutrient-based foods or else you are running the risk of not getting the nutrients to be healthy. This could also lead to problems with food selection as options are limited for veg ans and vegetarians. They have to work hard to find alternatives to meat, which has some valuable nutrients in it in order to sustain a healthy diet (87-89). I agree with Denby on this because a person who eats French fries and chips all day can be considered a vegetarian, but it does not mean they are healthy. The way I see it, since they are only sticking to one food, they are missing out on important nutrients they would get if they had a mixed diet, but I believe that these disadvantages are only a small price to pay for all the benefits that come with the vegan and vegetarian lifestyles. Even though it is harder to have a vegan and vegetarian diet, I still believe that the benefits outweigh the disadvantages that come along with it. Leading a vegan or vegetarian lifestyles has not only proven to be beneficial to health by reducing the risk of getting chronic diseases. It has also been proven to help reduce the number one cause of global warming today and helps keep innocent animals alive for a normal life-span they would not get without people having vegetarian and vegan diets and stop supporting the animal agriculture business.

Definition and Examples of Jargon

Jargon refers to the specialized language of a professional or occupational group. While this language is often useful or necessary for those within the group, it is usually meaningless to outsiders. Some professions have so much jargon of their own that it has its own name; for example, lawyers use legalese, while academics use academese. Jargon is also sometimes known as lingo or argot. A passage of text that is full of jargon is said to be jargony. Key Takeaways: Jargon †¢ Jargon is the complex language used by experts in a certain discipline or field. This language often helps experts communicate with clarity and precision.†¢ Jargon is different from slang, which is the casual language used by a particular group of people.†¢ Critics of jargon believe such language does more to obscure than clarify; they argue that most jargon can be replaced with simple, direct language without sacrificing meaning. Supporters of jargon believe such language is necessary for navigating the intricacies of certain professions. In scientific fields, for instance, researchers explore difficult subjects that most laypeople would not be able to understand. The language the researchers use must be precise because they are dealing with complex concepts (molecular biology, for example, or nuclear physics) and simplifying the language might cause confusion or create room for error. In Taboo Language, Keith Allan and Kate Burridge argue that this is the case: Should jargon be censored?  Many people think it should.  However,  close examination of jargon shows that, although some of it is vacuous pretentiousness...its proper use is both necessary and unobjectionable. Critics of jargon, however, say such language is needlessly complicated and in some cases even deliberately designed to exclude outsiders. American poet David Lehman has described jargon as the verbal sleight of hand that makes the old hat seem newly fashionable. He says the language gives an air of novelty and specious profundity to ideas that, if stated directly, would seem superficial, stale, frivolous, or false. In his famous essay Politics and the English Language, George Orwell argues that obscure and complex language is often used to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable, and to give an appearance of solidity to pure wind. Jargon vs. Slang Jargon should not be confused with slang, which is informal, colloquial language sometimes used by a group (or groups) of people. The main difference is one of register; jargon is formal language unique to a specific discipline or field, while slang is common, informal language that is more likely to be spoken than written. A lawyer discussing an amicus curiae brief is an example of jargon. A teen talking about making dough is an example of slang. List of Jargon Words Jargon can be found in a variety of fields, from law to education to engineering. Some examples of jargon include: Due diligence: A business term, due diligence refers to the research that should be done before making an important business decision.AWOL: Short for absent without leave, AWOL is military jargon used to describe a person whose whereabouts are unknown.Hard copy: A common term in business, academia, and other fields, a hard copy is a physical printout of a document (as opposed to an electronic copy).Cache: In computing, cache refers to a place for short-term memory storage.Dek: A journalism term for a subheading, usually one or two sentences long, that provides a brief summary of the article that follows.Stat: This is a term, usually used in a medical context, that means immediately. (As in, Call the doctor, stat!)Phospholipid bilayer: This is a complex term for a layer of fat molecules surrounding a cell. A simpler term is cell membrane.Detritivore: A detritivore is an organism that feeds on detritus or dead matter. Examples of detritivores include earthworms, sea cucumbers, and mill ipedes.Holistic: Another word for comprehensive or complete, holistic is often used by educational professionals in reference to curriculum that focuses on social and emotional learning in addition to traditional lessons.Magic bullet: This is a term for a simple solution that solves a complex problem. (It is usually used derisively, as in I dont think this plan youve come up with is a magic bullet.)Best practice: In business, a best practice is one that should be adopted because it has proven effectiveness.

The Healthy People 2020 Objective Nutrition And Weight...

The Healthy People 2020 objective Nutrition and Weight Status has a goal of improving the diet of Americans, thus improving their overall health. â€Å"Diet quality is critically important to the prevention of many types of chronic disease† (Wilson et al, 2015, p. 302.) According to Healthy People 2020 (2014), â€Å"a healthful diet helps Americans reduce their risks for many health conditions, including: overweight and obesity, malnutrition, iron-deficiency anemia, heart disease, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis, oral disease, constipation, diverticular disease and some cancers† (Healthy People 2020, 2014.) This paper will evaluate links between low-income families and obesity, as well as successes and barriers to healthy lifestyles. Intervention The proposed intervention to help combat childhood obesity in low-income families will be an interactive nutrition education program for both the children and their families. This program will be needed in rural, low income areas, that otherwise would not have access to this information. Patient education is of the utmost importance when combatting the development of chronic illnesses, especially one as prevalent as obesity is the United States. A health improvement plan must include realistic interventions that are appropriate for the target population. The nutrition education program should be incorporated with WIC (Women, Infant, Children), as WIC begins in the prenatal period and continues untilShow MoreRelatedThe Healthcare Delivery System of the United States: Obesity715 Words   |  3 Pagesof Healthy People 2020, the Nutrition and Weight Status objectives for Healthy People 2020 reflect strong science supporting the health benefits of eating a healthful diet and maintain ing a healthy body weight. 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The Fooducate teamRead MoreResearch Paper On Rotc1737 Wo rds   |  7 Pagescollege elective consists of class and lab time, along with one hour of physical training three days per week. The program is designed to build mental toughness and leadership, while learning the military style and appropriate behaviors to remain healthy and physically fit. Demographics and Health Characteristics The ROTC population for the Wabash battalion has inclusion criteria that incorporates the following six schools: Rose Hulman Institute of Technology, DePauw University, Indiana State UniversityRead MoreCommunity Health Nursing Reflection1262 Words   |  6 Pagessettings, including community health clinics, churches, homeless shelters, and schools,† (p. 19). Community health nurses aim to improve health outcomes and improve the infrastructure used to monitor and manage disease within the community. Healthy People 2020 has established benchmarks and monitored progress over time to improve health outcomes. 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Nike Cost of Capital - 711 Words

NIKE, INC. COST OF CAPITAL Context: Estimating Cost of Equity with different methods. Compute WACC Nike’s current price per share= $ 42.09 Question: Is it undervalued or overvalued to make buy /sell decision? Forecasts for Cash flows, Dividend growth, EPS estimates for NIKE are given. Interest rate #’s, Betas, Book values on debt and equity are given. Also historical performance #s are given. At 12% WACC Nike is overvalued and hence sell decision; At 11.17% correct valuation; WACC below 11.17% , undervaluation and hence buy decision. Exhibit 2 : The bottom table shows the sensitivity of share price to discount rate. The issue is which discount rate (WACC) to use to make the decision. Lower the discount rate, higher the†¦show more content†¦Tax Rate = 38% Hence After Tax Cost of Debt= 4.45% Methods for estimating Cost of Equity: (a) Dividend Discount Model (DDM) K= (D in year1/ Current P) + g g= 5.5% according to Moody’s; [What is the actual during 1997-2000. Very Low] Current Dividend = 0.48 P= $42.09 g= 5.5% K= 12.03% Assumptions of DDM--- Stable growth in revenues, and Dividend; Has Nike experienced stable growth? (b) Earnings Multiplier: Estimate next year’s earnings (Forecast of EPS) divided by price per share. Following this procedure K= 6.6% [ Forecast of EPS= (755.4/271.5); Price per share= 42.09 from Exhibit 2] This method does not consider the growth rate . If you follow Consensus Forecast ( Exhibit 4), K= 5.5%-- 6.34% This method ignores rate of growth in the future. If you add growth rate of revenue projected by the case writer g= 6.5%- 6% K= 13.1% ---12.6%. If you follow Moody’s g, then K= 12.1% The range is 12-13% with growth rate added.  © Yield plus Method for estimating K Cost of Debt for Nike= 7.17% on 25-yr. note. Add premium for equity of Nike. 5% Approx. Hence K = 12+% approx. (d) CAPM method. 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But I am willing to tell you that it can be a complex case in which we can doubt about sensitivity analysis done by Kimi Ford (portfolio manager) because her assumptions such as Revenue Growth Rate, COGS / Sales,  S A / Sales, Current Assets / Sales, and Current LiabilityRead MoreCase 14 Nike: Cost of Capital Essay1143 Words   |  5 PagesNike, Inc.: Cost of Capital Case 14 A Case Brief Submitted to Submitted by In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Date Submitted September 28, 2011 Summary This case highlights Kimi Ford, a portfolio manager with NorthPoint Group, a mutual-fund management firm. She managed the NorthPoint Large-Cap Fund, and in July of 2001, was looking at the possibility of taking a position in Nike for her fund. Nike stock had declined significantly over the previous year, and it appearedRead MoreNike Inc Cost of Capital Case Study917 Words   |  4 PagesNike Inc. Case Number 2 Nike Incorporated’s cost of capital is a vital element when addressing opportunities regarding top-line growth and operating performance. Weighted Average Costs of Capital (WACC) is an essential estimation that is needed in order to determine the amount of interest that will be paid for each additional dollar financed. This translates to be the minimum overall required rate of return that the firm will keep. We disagree with Johanna Cohen’s assessment of Nike due to twoRead MoreCase Analysis of Nike, Inc.: Cost of Capital731 Words   |  3 PagesApparently, the issue of Nike’s case is to control and check the calculation cost of capital done by Joanna Cohen who is the assistant of a portfolio manager at NorthPoint Group. But I am willing to tell you that it can be a complex case in which we can doubt about sensitivity analysis done by Kimi Ford (portfolio manager) too. Because her assumptions such as Revenue Growth Rate, COGS / Sales, S A / Sales, Current Assets / Sales, and Current Liability / Sales have been adopted from previous income

The Effects Of Technology On Developing Child - 1433 Words

The Effects of Technology on the Developing Child Technology has transformed society and has become an important part in daily life in various forms, such as television, cell phones and computers. It has eased numerous tasks and issues in the educational, medical and engineering fields. It has also provided a means of communication to contact people around the world without difficulty. As society evolved and more technologies were developed to support the changes, parents depended more on these technologies as a learning tool for their young children and has become the norm in parenting for the twenty- first century. Over time, children have increased their time on their digital devices, spending less time with family and friends, â€Å"Children and youth get an average of 7 hours and 48 minutes of screen time per day.† (Active Healthy Kids Canada, n.d.) The amount of time spent on their electronic devices plays a critical role in their growth and development. The overuse of these devices can cause issues in the child’ s cognition, health and social relationships. The excessive dependency on technology in society affects the development of children negatively, thus leading to a problematic lifestyle in adulthood. To begin with, the excessive use of technology affects the cognitive development of children and hinders the function of the brain in different areas of life. Jean Piaget, a psychologist, created the stages of cognitive development, which looks at the mental developmentShow MoreRelatedTechnology And Its Detrimental Effect On Children1123 Words   |  5 PagesLuke Stafford En 102 Essay 4 6/22/2015 Technology is a large part of everyday life in the 21st century, and the effects of its power over our culture are clearly visible in multiple ways. For example, social media is the most popular form of communication and using the internet and computers seems second nature to us, especially in the form of entertainment. Many children today have never known a time when they didn’t have access to the internet, a television, or a cell phone. Everything is accessibleRead MoreThe Effects Of Educational Technology On The Classroom1345 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper: Effects of Educational Technology In the Classroom By: Nicole Ault Computer Science 313 October 1st, 2017 Abstract: This research paper includes several studies on the effects of children’s learning when incorporating technology into their lives. Overall, the studies mentioned can make technology be viewed as an aid or a hinder on a child’s cognitive development. For some people the advances of technology in today’s world can be viewed asRead MoreHow Technology Can Benefit A Child s Cognitive Development1061 Words   |  5 PagesChildren use a lot of technology. They use technology whether they are using social media, using a learning program, or reading an electronic book. The truth is, that there are more positives than negatives when children use technology. There is fear that if children use too much technology they will not have proper development especially cognitively. This paper will show how technology can benefit a child’s cognitive development. One benefit is young children can learn how to read while using aRead MoreThe Effects Of Too Much Screen Time930 Words   |  4 PagesPlus, too much screen time can â€Å"make it hard for your child to sleep at night, raise your child’s risk of attention problems, anxiety, and depression, and raise your child’s risk of gaining too much weight† (Screen time and children: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia). These are only just a few of the many negative effects of too much screen time in developing children. If I had an infant, or toddler and was asked my opinion of whether the child should watch as much as 1 to 1.5 hours of TV or videoRead MoreTechnology Is Common, New Thinking Is Rare885 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"New technology is common, new thinking is rare.† –Sir Peter Blake The Millennial and Z Generation have had access to new electronics and gadgets that other generations never dreamt possible. As new affordable electronic devices are being designed, public school systems are allowing the new equipment into the classroom. Instructors use certain electronics to teach lessons, practice literary activities, and simply for educational games. However, young children with developing brains should not beRead MoreThe Ways Of Today s Society1390 Words   |  6 PagesThe ways of today’s society are a trap to the common child. One cannot go out in public without seeing at least one child using some form of technology. When most are used to seeing children playing in their front yards or on a playground as they once did, they have a sudden awakening when they realize, most children are not like that anymore. Modern culture is a corruption to one’s childhood and causes a child to be unsocial, unhealthy, and constantly pressured to follow the newest trends in socialRead MoreThe Illusion Of Technology1535 Words   |  7 PagesThe Illusion of Technology The thinking process of a child’s mind is one of the most significant aspects of their development. The neuropathways intrinsically wired into the central nervous system can be incredibly impacted by the rapid over load that technology constantly exposes children to. A child’s brain is like a sponge, and when electronic devices are repeatedly absorbed, there are some serious long term effects. This can hinder children’s physiological development, attention span, readingRead MoreIs Entertainment Technology Beneficial?902 Words   |  4 PagesIs entertainment technology beneficial to infants from birth to the age of two? Entertainment technology is the discipline of using manufactured or created components to enhance or make possible in any sort of entertainment experience(dictionary.com). Entertainment technology is used for many different reasons as well as necessities such as work, school, communication, and social media. The rapid emergence of entertainment technology has changed the way the world works and interacts with each otherRead MoreThe Benefits Of Early Childhood Education1015 Words   |  5 PagesIf a teacher is not well balance when it comes to stressful situations they wouldn’t be prepared to deal with stress in the classroom and can affect the students you are teaching. Becoming a teacher you are exploring and teaching young minds by developing their own skills. They need to be prepared for the stress and impact it can have on a persons life. Because each student that walks into your classroom has a different story, culture, background, and religion. Its the balance of teachi ng these youngRead MoreCell Phones Are The Most Powerful Invention Ever1261 Words   |  6 Pagesdisconnected from society. More than ever before, younger children are often seen with cell phones at their hands. So what’s the effect of technology on children? While cell phones may further imagination and creativity, Cris Rowan, a pediatric therapist and author of â€Å"The Impact of Technology on the Developing Child,† insists that technology, especially entertainment technology such as cell phones, video games and the internet, actually inhibits a child’s development, cognitively, emotionally, and psychologically

Music Appreciation Renaissance Period Assessment Flashcard Example For Students

Music Appreciation Renaissance Period Assessment Flashcard The following excerpt is an example of Renaissance a cappella choral music. (player 7:19) False Two important composers from the Renaissance period were: Desprez and Palestrina Despite advances in other areas, Renaissance harmony and polyphony remained restricted to the music rules that governed most of the Medieval period. False Which of the following is a composition for the vihuela? (player 1:58) Example B The following excerpt features characteristics of polyphonic texture. (player 1:38) True The following excerpt has smooth melodies that imitate one another on entrances. (player 3:42) False Which of the following events occurred in America during the time period known as the Renaissance? Columbus discovered The New World. The following composition, featuring 40 voices, was written by: (player 12:15) Thomas Tallis This instrument, which was very popular during the Renaissance, is called a: Lute According to the text, the Renaissance period was known as: The Golden Age of Choral Music The following example is played on an instrument that was very popular during the Renaissance. That instrument is the: (player :37) Lute Which of the following was NOT a popular form during the Renaissance period? Plainsong The following excerpt is an example of Renaissance a cappella choral music. (player 3:13) True Venit ad Petrum was often used as the cantus firmus for the mass. True The following example was composed by a musician whose career exemplifies the dominance of composers from Northern France and the Netherlands during the Renaissance. (player 5:37) Josquin Desprez Renaissance artists didnt really care very much if their works appealed to the public at large; they were more concerned about the purity of their music. False Concentration on vocal music during the Renaissance period meant that instrumental music continued to be used as mere accompaniment for voices. False This is an excerpt from a: (player :25) Madrigal This example is: (player :25) From a Renaissance composition having its roots in folk songs One difference between a Renaissance Mass and a motet is: A Mass is always based on a specific text that is part of the liturgy of a given day. The composer of this selection is: (player 10:26) Jacob Obrecht The Renaissance was the Golden Age of: Choral composition for small ensembles What element of the musical style of the following piece indicates that it is from the Renaissance period rather than the Medieval period? (player :27) It features imitation that goes through all the voices The Renaissance period saw inventions and developments that: Changed the physical and intellectual landscape of Europe. Which time period is generally considered the Renaissance period? 1450 1600 During the Renaissance, what was the name composers gave to the original chant used as the basis for the main melody in a composition? Cantus firmus The following excerpt features characteristics of polyphonic texture. (player 4:32) False The following excerpt has smooth melodies that imitate one another on entrances. (player 5:37) True Which of the following selections is an example of a Renaissance consort? (player 1:30) Excerpt D The Renaissance madrigal was a sacred music form used to convey the meanings behind the poems on which they were based. False Which of the following is not part of the Ordinary of the Catholic Mass? Alleluia The Renaissance may be described as an age in which: Individualism, humanism, and secular values started to flourish once again.

Economics for Business Macroeconomics.

Question: Discuss about a Case Study on Economics for Business in Macroeconomics. ? Answer: 1. The main objective of the study of macroeconomics is to measure the size of the whole economy. How large is the UK economy is can be measures by the gross domestic product (GDP) (Abel, Bernanke and Croushore, 2011). Apart from that, the word gross domestic product refers to the value of all the services and final goods in a country in a particular time period. Every market transactions are included in the GDP. The market transactions include both the transactions from consumer and the sellers. The Gross Domestic product or GDP is measured by the market value of the total purchase in UK in a particular year or the market value of the total production in UK in a particular year. The United Kingdom (UK) is getting position of the fifth nationwide economy and the second largest in the Europe. This has been measured by the nominal Gross Domestic Product. Ninth largest economy in the World and the third largest in the Europe and this have been concluded by PPP or the purchasing power parity (Abel, Bernanke and Croushore, 2014). UK was the in the ninth largest position in the exporter countries in the world in 2014. UK is the most globalized economy in the world. In the economy of UK, the service sector plays a dominant role. The service sector in UK contributes around 78% in the total GDP. London is the largest financial center in the world. So, the financial service sector is very significant in the UK economy. Economic growth Economic growth is nothing but the increase in the market value (inflation adjusted) of all the services and goods produced in a country in a particular or specific period time. The economic growth is generally measured by the percentage increase in the GDP or the gross domestic products. It is also measured by Gross Domestic Product per capita or per capita income level. A rise in the per capita Gross Domestic Product or per capita income indicates the growth in the economy. An economic growth can be happened by the efficient usage of the resources available in the country (Blanchard, 2010). Economic growth is generally measured in the real terms rather than in the monetary terms. So the indicator of the economic growth is generally inflation adjusted. Measuring the economic growth level is a very important thing (Clarida and Giavazzi, 2011). The measurement of economic growth always shows the condition as well as the economic situation of a country. Measurement of economic growth The economic growth measured by the demand side of the GDP. The demand side of GDP consists of four components, such as consumption or consumer spending, investment or business spending, government spending or government expenditure and spending on net exports(Colander, 2013). The resource exploration also has negative effect on the environment. The exploration process pollutes the air. So there occurs air pollution. The processing of oil also affects the air as well as water badly. So many pollutes are spreading in the air as well as water. Consumption expenditure The household of a country conducts the consumption expenditure. The consumption expenditure occupies the greatest portion in the GDP. The consumption expenditure accounts for two third of the total GDP in the country UK. So this reveals that the decision play a significant role in the economy(Dornbusch, Fischer and Startz, 2014). The consumer spending is called as a gentle elephant as it does not leap up suddenly. It is generally viewed over the time period. Investment expenditure The investment expenditure includes the expenditure involved in the purchase of the equipment and the physical plant required for the business. If any business organization is expanding, such as opening of new stores or new technologies or new machinery, then the investment expenditure takes place(Frankel and Pissarides, 2012). The investment expenditure takes about 15 % to 18 % of the total GDP level. But this is very important or very significant for the expansion of the overall economy as it creates new employment. The investment expenditure fluctuates more than the consumption expenditure. The investment of the business organizations are too much volatile, so the investment expenditure also very volatile. It is not certain that in every year, there will take place several new technologies or opening up of new stores. So the investment is not the same in every year. Government spending or government expenditure If the government wants to launch any social spending then it will be included in the government expenditure (GaÃÅ'ˆrtner, n.d.). In UK it is about 20% of the total GDP. The government spending consists of several levels of government, such as local, state and federal. If the government takes upon a project for social welfare, that will be included in the government expenditure. Some example can be given here to elaborate the concept, for example, construction of new bridge, highways, airports etc. in the demand side of the GDP includes the purchases conducted by the government. Vital parts of the budgets of Government are several transfer payments, such as unemployment benefits, social security given to the retirees and veterans benefits. These expenditures that is the transfer payments are expelled from GDP as the government does not obtain any new good or service in exchange (Gordon, 2012). In this section the demand for the domestic goods in the global are to be discussed. To do this, it should be taken into consideration that the goods produced domestically have been sold in the abroad. This means the exports of the country. It should also take into account the imports that mean the goods and services purchased by UK from the rest of the world. The value of spending on import has to be subtracted (Gottfries, 2012). This can be counted by the net exports (NX). The net exports are calculated by gap between the total export and the total import. Symbolically, NX = (X M). This gap is generally known as the trade balance. If the exports of a country are greater than the imports then there exists trade surplus. On the hand, if imports are greater than the exports then there exists trade deficit. There are five categories of the goods and services in the GDP. Those are, namely durable goods, nondurable goods, inventories, structures and services. The durable goods are referred to those goods which have a long longevity(Hubbard and O'Brien, 2010). Some examples are car, house, machineries etc. The nondurable goods are those goods which have a small life span. Some examples of nondurable goods are food, clothing etc. The structure includes the housing, buildings, factories malls etc. Inventories are defined as the commodities that are created by one industry but not yet sold to customers. The services include several services sold in the market, such as the service of doctor, nurse, legal advocate etc. The component service takes a major part in the GDP of UK. Problems There are several problems involved in the measurement of GDP. () argued that GDP is defined as the current market value of entire services and goods that produced in the country especially in United kingdom in a time. The concept of final goods and the intermediate goods are very confusing (Hubbard and O'Brien, 2013). The final goods are those, which are taking into the market for sale. On the other hand, the intermediate goods are those goods, which are used in production process of the other goods. Now, the confusing part is that, the final good of a company is used as intermediate good of the other company. So there arises a problem of double counting. To avoid the problem of double counting, the statisticians always takes into account the final goods and services. The statisticians of government takes into account the value of the final product or services in a production chain, which are sold in the market for consumption. Those goods, which are used in the production chain are intermediate goods and excluded from the calculation of GDP(Hubbard, O'Brien and Sharma, 2012). Here is a tabular form of what is included and what are excluded in the counting of GDP. Counting GDP Counted not included Consumption Intermediate goods Government spending on goods and services Illegal goods Business investment Used goods Net exports Transfer payments and non-market activities Some other measures: There are also some other measures for the measurement of the economic growth. Those are as follows: Net National Product (NNP), Gross National Product (GNP), etc. These concepts are discussed here in this section (Jones, 2010). GNP (Gross National Product) The gross national product (GNP) includes the goods and services produced within a country subtracted from the foreign transactions or transaction to the abroad (Krugman and Wells, 2013). This can be shown by the following formula: GNP = GDP Foreign transaction NNP (Net National Product) Net national product is calculated by the subtracting the depreciation from the GNP. (Krugman and Wells, 2012) This can be shown by the following formula: NNP = GNP - Depreciation 2: There are two tools for determining the economic growth, such as fiscal and monitory policy. When used properly, they can have alike consequences in both inspiringeconomyand slow it downward when it warmth up (Mankiw, 2010). The continuing deliberate is that, which one is extra effectual in the long run as well as in the short run. Fiscal Policy Fiscal policy is used by the government. The government comes forward to solve any economic problem is called fiscal policy. The government may spend or tax to effect any problematic situation in the economy and correct it accordingly (Mankiw, 2013). The interaction and the combination of the revenue acquired by government and the government expenditure bring about delicate balances in the economy. The fiscal policy, direct or indirect, has several effects on the personal spending, capital expenditure, deficit levels, exchange rate, interest rates etc. Fiscal policy is actually connected with the Keynesianism. An economist belonged to Britain named John Maynard Keynes had discovered the fiscal policy. The fiscal policy is used to expand as well as to contract the GDP level. There are two types of fiscal policies, such as expansionary fiscal policy and the contraction fiscal policy. The fiscal policy has several positive effects on the economic situations (Mankiw, 2012). The government has several operations for the running of the fiscal policy. The expansionary fiscal policy is when the income or the GDP rises and the rate of interest also rises. On the other hand, the GDP will fall and the rate of interest will also fall with the working of the contraction fiscal policy. This policy is actually the decision of the government regarding the taxing as well as the spending. When the government is willing to encourage the growth of the economy as a whole, the government will raise the spending(Marjit, 2011). That will cause a rise in the demand for goods as well as services. As the demand for the goods and the services have risen, the production will rise. Now, if the production is stimulated, then the employment rate will rise accordingly. As the employment rises, the money in the hand of people will rise, that means the income level will rise. This will again stimulate the demand. In this way, the process works. The cycle will hopefully go on and the economic growth will continue. This means that the increase in the government spending actually speed up the growth of the whole economy (Marjit, 2011). Now, if the government decides to slow down the economic growth, then it will take contraction method of fiscal policy. The government notice that the economy is growing faster than it desires to be, then the government will decrease the spending level. As the government decreases the spending, then the demand for the goods as well as the services will fall. As the over all demand for goods and services falls, the production will slow down. As the production slows down, the investment will automatically fall. The need for the workers in the companies will fall, so the employment rate will decrease (McTaggart, Findlay and Parkin, 2012). This decline in the employment will result in the money income. Money in the hand of people will decline accordingly. Then the demand for goods as well as the services will fall. Another side of the fiscal policy is the taxes. If the government wants to speed up the economic growth, then the government will tend to decrease in the tax. If the tax rate declines, then there will be money in the hand of the producers (Parkin, n.d.). This will stimulate the employment as the extra money in the hand of the producer will encourage in new recruitment. Thus the employment rises and the income level will also rise as well. As the income rises, the money in the hand of people will rise. This will stimulate the demand for the goods and services. So the economic growth rate will rise. On the other hand, the contraction fiscal policy suggests to raise in the tax rate. The employment will fall, income level will fall. So the demand for goods as well as services will fall. The production will fall and this will result in the low growth rate in the economy (Samuelson and Nordhaus, 2010). According to some economists, the fiscal policy creates a crowding out effect in the economy. When the government has shortage of money to invest or shortage in the revenue for the purpose of spending, then the government has to borrow money to meet up the requirements of the country. Some economists say that the borrowing will raise the rate of interest. The increase in the rate of interest discourages the private investment. So it is generally said that the government spending has crowded out the private investment (Williamson, 2011). Monetary policy The central bank is the parent institution of the monetary economy in any country. The monetary policy is taken by the central bank of a country. Monetary policy is concerned with the monetary phenomena. The monetary policy works by increasing or by decreasing the money supply. There are many objectives of monetary policy(Williamson, 2014). Full employment The main goal of the monetary [policy is to sustain the full employment level in the economy. Price stability The second goal of the monetary policy is to sustain stability in the price level(Williamson, 2014). Economic growth Stimulating the economic growth is the third objective of the monetary policy Balance of payment Since 1950, the monetary policy is maintaining the equilibrium in the balance of payment. Instruments There are several instruments of the monetary policy, such as bank rate operations, open market operations, changes in the reserve ratio and the selective controls in the credit (Samuelson and Nordhaus, 2010). Bank Rate Policy: Bank rate is actually the rate at which the commercial banks borrow from the central bank. The bank rate is the lowest rate of lending of money from the central bank to the commercial bank. The central bank fluctuates in the bank rate to influence the money available to the commercial bank as well as in the market (Abel, Bernanke and Croushore, 2011). The private investors borrow from the commercial banks. If the bank rate is high, then the rate of interest will also be higher. The investment will fall. Then the demand for goods and services will fall. The economic growth rate will fall. On the other hand, if the investment rises due to fall in the bank rate and thereby the fall in the rate of interest, the employment rate will rise accordingly. Then the level of income will rise. The demand for goods and services will rise(Abel, Bernanke and Croushore, 2014). Open market operations The open market operation includes the purchase and sales of several securities and bonds, which are marketed by the central bank. The central bank use to sale several securities and bonds to the public. There is a rate of interest written on it. The purchaser of the bond will paid the money back with the interest rate written on it. (Blanchard, 2010) Now, the interest rate has a significant role on the purchase or sale plans of the securities. If the demand for bond will rise, then the price of the bond will fall. Then the rate of interest will rise. This occurs with the formula, r = 1/ P, r is the rate of interest and the P is the bond price. If the rate of interest falls, that will affect the investment adversely. Employment will fall and the income will fall. On the other hand, if the investment rises due to fall in the price of bonds and thereby the fall in the rate of interest, the employment rate will rise accordingly. Then the level of income will rise. The demand for goods a nd services will rise(Clarida and Giavazzi, 2011). Reserve ratio Another instrument of the monetary policy is the change in the reserve ratio. The reserve ratio is the rate at which the commercial banks had to keep with the central bank. If the reserve ration rose, then the commercial banks have to keep more money with the central bank. Thus the quantity of money in the market will fall. Then the rate of interest will rise. Investment falls as a result of the increase in the rate of interest (Colander, 2013). Employment will fall and the income will fall. On the other hand, if the investment rises due to fall in the reserve ratio and thereby the fall in the rate of interest, the employment rate will rise accordingly. Then the level of income will rise. The demand for goods and services will rise. Selective credit control The selective credit control takes place in the case of speculative purpose. When the speculative activities rise, then the price of that particular commodity will rise. (Dornbusch, Fischer and Startz, 2014) But it has been conventional by all financial theorists that the achievement of monetary policy is zero in a depression. Secondly, it is victorious against price rises. The monetarists compete that as in opposition to fiscal policy as well as the monetary policy acquires superior suppleness and it can be put into practice rapidly (Frankel and Pissarides, 2012). Reference list Abel, A., Bernanke, B. and Croushore, D. (2011). Macroeconomics. Boston: Addison-Wesley. Abel, A., Bernanke, B. and Croushore, D. (2014). Macroeconomics. Boston: Pearson. Blanchard, O. (2010). Macroeconomics. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Clarida, R. and Giavazzi, F. (2011). NBER International Seminar on Macroeconomics 2010. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Colander, D. (2013). Macroeconomics. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Dornbusch, R., Fischer, S. and Startz, R. (2014). Macroeconomics. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education. Frankel, J. and Pissarides, C. (2012). NBER International Seminar on Macroeconomics 2011. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Gartner, M. (2011). Macroeconomics. Gordon, R. (2012). Macroeconomics. Boston: Addison-Wesley. Gottfries, N. (2012). Macroeconomics. Hubbard, R. and O'Brien, A. (2010). Macroeconomics. Boston: Prentice Hall. Hubbard, R. and O'Brien, A. (2013). Macroeconomics. Boston: Pearson. Hubbard, R., O'Brien, A. and Sharma, A. (2012). Macroeconomics. Harlow: Pearson. Jones, C. (2010). Macroeconomics. Krugman, P. and Wells, R. (2012). Macroeconomics. New York (N.Y.): Worth Publishers. Krugman, P. and Wells, R. (2013). Macroeconomics. New York, NY: Worth Publishers. Mankiw, N. (2010). Macroeconomics. New York: Worth. Mankiw, N. (2012). Macroeconomics. New York: Worth. Mankiw, N. (2013). Macroeconomics. New York, NY: Worth. Marjit, S. (2011). India macroeconomics annual 2010. New Delhi: SAGE Publications. McTaggart, D., Findlay, C. and Parkin, M. (2012). Macroeconomics. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson. Parkin, M. (2011). Macroeconomics. Samuelson, P. and Nordhaus, W. (2010). Macroeconomics. Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Williamson, S. (2011). Macroeconomics. Boston: Addison-Wesley. Williamson, S. (2014). Macroeconomics. Boston: Pearson.