Jaga vs. D

In its Bath Star Judgment, the Constitutional Court referred to the interpretive approach followed in the Gaga v D ¶ones, a notorious case from the asses. In this essay, I argue that the recent comments by the Constitutional Court about the case clearly show that the Gaga judgment Is no longer relevant to the Interpretation of statutes after the democratic transformation. The facts of the Gaga case The Gaga case was a notorious case which occurred in the early sass's. Gaga being the accused in this case, as he was caught selling inwrought gold which is illegal.It was hen decided by the jury that he would be sentenced to â€Å"three months imprisonment suspended for three years†. Section 22 of Act 22 of 1913 read as follows: â€Å"Any person who has been sentenced to imprisonment for any offence committed by the sale of inwrought precious metal and who is deemed by the minister to be an undesirable inhabitant of the union may be removed from the union under a warrant†. Therefore Gaga was declared as being an undesirable Inhabitant and a warrant for his deportation to India was Issued. Gaga challenged this because he declared that he had not been sentenced to Imprisonment.The molester had argued this point made by Gaga by stating that even though it is a â€Å"suspended sentence of imprisonment†, it is still a sentence of imprisonment. Gaga once again argued saying that he was not physically sentenced to imprisonment. The dominant interpretive approach before 1994 as followed by the majority in Gaga. The textual approach which was used in 1950 when the Gaga case had taken place, is an approach to interpretation which was used In majority of the cases before 1994 (which was when South African came a democratic country).This is an approach hereby legislation Is Interpreted simply Just by the way It Is written. It focuses on the grammar used In the text or In legislation rather than the actual content of the case-The text base approach refers to the literal meaning of the text. There are many variations of rules of interpretation which occur under the textual approach. The primary rule of the textual approach being, â€Å"that if the ordinary or plain meaning of the words in a legislative provision is clear, that meaning must be applied†.While ordinary citizens look at the everyday meaning of legislation, the courts look at the lain meaning of the text of the cases in this approach of interpretation. The golden rule of this method states that only if a specific wording of legislation is ambiguous and has more than one meaning in the dictionary. Also if the ordinary meaning leads to such absurd results, it will be Impossible to use the actual words In legislation to Interpret any case at all because by the courts applying the plain meaning of the text It would lead to them reaching a decision which would be rather Irrational.In these circumstances where the actual text cannot be used or ciphered from correctly then the court can turn to a number of secondary aids. Information other than the wording of the specific section. These aids are called internal and external aids. Internal aids include : â€Å"the same legislative text in another official language, the preamble, the long title, the definition clause, legislative purpose statements, interpretation guidelines, headings to chapters and sections, paragraphing and punctuations and schedules. â€Å".External aids such as the constitution and the bill of rights can also be used when the text isn't clear and sufficient enough to come to a final decision or conclusion. In the case of Gaga the literal meaning of Section 22 of Act 22 of 1913 was applied because it did state that any offender would be considered as being an undesirable inhabitant and would be sentenced to imprisonment and this was exactly what happened to Gaga. No other facts of the case were taken into consideration and nothing was investigated thoroughly or further, therefore I feel this approach is rather orthodox and is not relevant to be used currently.It was Just simply the literal meaning of the act taken into consideration here. The court insisted on the plain literal meaning and applied it o the Gaga case, it was a decision that was simply to make and so Gaga was issued with a warrant for his deportation to India and sentenced to three months of imprisonment, suspended for three years. This approach is a very narrow approach and I feel it doesn't really give an accurate indication of anything because there are very few texts that are actually clear enough whereby the court can actually reach one final interpretation of the legislature.In this approach the court also has very â€Å"little law-making capacity'. In my opinion this approach is no longer valid and should to be used as there is very little to actually work with, it isn't open minded and will not help reach the best verdict. The alternative interpretive approach followed by the minorit y in Gaga This refers to the contextual (purposive) approach or also can be called text-in-context approach. This approach has been used even before 1994 in certain cases from time to time.This approach however has been overshadowed by the textual approach. In this approach â€Å"the context of legislation, including social and political policy directions Is also taken into account to establish the purpose of legislation†. Here the mischief rule is used. This rule makes use of external aids which include † the common law, whatever new remedies the legislature provides, and the true reason for the remedies. This approach provides â€Å"a balance between grammatical and the overall contextual meaning†.This approach takes into consideration the actual scope of the legislation and not Just the plain text or the grammatical meaning like the textual approach does. The court has a creative law making function when interpreting legislation. However this does not mean tha t the court gets to take over completely by paving all the legislative power. The interpretation process is not complete until â€Å"the object of the scope of the legislation is taken into account†. This is yet another reason as to why the new interpretive approach or rather the contextual approach is relevant to be used now rather than the textual approach.In certain cases sometimes the wider context could prove to be more vital than the actual legislative text. In this approach firstly the meaning of the text and the context needs to be determined, once this is done the second step is to apply this when interpreting. Bath star case. Section 39(2) of the constitution contains a provision dealing with ordinary statutory interpretation. The constitution being the supreme law of South Africa, it is only right that it is referred to when interpreting legislation. Section 39(2) implies that even where the ordinary meaning of the legislation is clear and unambiguous, the interpre ter must still try to ascribe the meaning to those words that will best promote telecast one identifiable value enshrined in the bill of rights†. The Bath star case was a case about the allocation of quotas in the fishing industry. The number of fish that's allowed to be caught when deep sea fishing is limited by the quota system. The quota which each fishing trawler is allowed to catch is determined by the minister of environmental affairs and tourism in terms of the Marine living resources Act 18 of 1998.The Bath Star fishing company lodged a complaint that the quota which they had been allocated for the year was too small. Len section 2 of the marine living resources act there is a list of objectives given and it states that the minister must â€Å"have regard to† these objectives when quotas are being allocated. In this case Bath Star argued that only the textual approach was used because the ordinary meaning of the phrase â€Å"have regard to† was construed by the courts to mean â€Å"bear in mind† or â€Å"do not overlook†.In the statement made by the court they accepted that this was true. The phrase should have been looked into according to the context that it occurred in. Therefore the contextual meaning had to be looked into and not Just the textual approach because it is no longer relevant that Just the ordinary text or meaning of the words be taken into account, but in the new interpretive approach it is â€Å"the repose of legislation and the values of the constitution† that needs to be examined before any kind of decision is reached or before finalizing the verdict.The Bath Star case is a perfect example of why the textual approach is not recommended for use in this day and age where everything has now become more complicated and needs to be thoroughly interpreted so nobody feels that they have been cheated in any way. Words and phrases have a way of being misunderstood so therefore facts need to be collec ted when handling such cases and this can only be done when the purposive teeth is used.By this case it is also made clear that † the primary and golden rules of textual interpretation do not apply in our law anymore† Conclusion The supremacy of the constitution has overturned the interpretive approach to the contextual method of interpretation. I believe this was done so simply because it is proved that it is indeed the most appropriate and accurate approach to use when interpreting legislation.The text and context of the legislation as well as law cases must be balanced and it not Just be the text that's taken into consideration therefore he Judgment used in Gaga case can no longer be used for the interpretation of statutes after the democratic transformation.I believe there are far too many weaknesses in the textual approach as it leads to many misunderstandings which creates further problems and disrupts normality, this is evident in both the Gaga and perspectives an d therefore I do not support the textual approach used in the Gaga case as it only takes in the literal meaning of the text into consideration and ignores all other aspects. The contextual approach is thus the method which should be applied.

Discuss the role that grudges and rivalries play Essay

Discuss the role that grudges and rivalries play within â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller Arthur Miller’s play â€Å"The Crucible† is set in the 17th century in a village called Salem. It is written in the time of the McCarthy period in the 1950’s, when Joe McCarthy (senator of the USA) attacked people for communism. Joe McCarthy accused many people including Julius and Ethel Rosenberg for leaking information about the atomic bomb to the Russians; they were then executed on 19th June 1953. He even attacked Hollywood for communism; in one case he ordered Charlie Chaplain out of the USA for un-American activities. The trials carried out by Joe McCarthy were very flawed and there were numerous appeals. The McCarthy period started when the Russians joined the ‘nuclear club’ sooner than expected, and caused paranoia across the USA. This is reflected in the Salem society because the population of Salem started to blame people for witch-craft to get themselves more respect and to settle grudges. This was then named the witch hunt. It is a puritan society that believes they themselves were chosen by God. They also believe they could only work and pray; that the Universe was centred on God; and that man was sinful and corrupt but thankfully saved by God. Their society was ruled by religion and was very rigid. This is ironic because the lies and trickery performed by the girls of the council goes against the Salem society, and yet they believe what they say. Reverend Parris of Salem was a high-ranking individual who demands a lot of respect that he thinks he deserves. He is dogmatic and dominant and thinks himself to be the top man of Salem. His niece Abigail is soon to follow him by being a snob and constantly lying. Abigail is attracted to John Proctor, a man that in the Salem society is a dangerous man and is to be afraid of. Reverend Parris’ maid Tituba is a black slave in her forty’s from the Caribbean. She is an innocent women but trouble always seems to follow her. Betty Parris (Reverend Paris’ Daughter) is thought to have been consumed by the devil; she was involved in an act of ‘conjuring’ and was then left unconscious, this is when the witch-hunt began. The play is set in the 1962 witch trials of Salem . This is when people were blamed for witch craft to settle grudges and rivalries. The trials were flawed and even the jury was lying. This is linked to the McCarthy period because Joe McCarthy blamed others for communism to settle his grudges and rivalries against him. Abigail Williams is the niece of Reverend Parris. Abigail Williams is a young â€Å"strikingly beautiful† seventeen year old girl who is an orphan of low social status. She once had an affair with John Proctor when she was his maid; she was then ordered out of their house after John Proctor’s wife, Elizabeth Proctor, discovered this. Abigail Williams has a grudge against Elizabeth Proctor. Abigail is an aggressive woman, â€Å"I’ll beat you Betty! † From this, the audience can tell how far Abigail will go to get out of trouble. In addition to this, we recognise how cruel and selfish she is. Furthermore, it shows that she doesn’t care about anyone other than herself; not even her cousin. Arthur Miller portrays Abigail Williams in this manner to shock the audience by presenting Abigail Williams as an outcast compared to all the other women in the village. When women are addressed in the Salem society, they are usually referred to as â€Å"Goody†; this isolates Abigail Williams because her reputation is â€Å"blackened in the village†. Abigail Williams has strong feelings for John Proctor after the events which happened when Abigail Williams was John Proctor’s maid, â€Å"Gah! I’d almost forgot how strong you are, John Proctor! † From this quote the audience can connote the deep feelings that Abigail Williams has for John Proctor. Use of the word â€Å"forgot† shows the audience that Abigail Williams and John Proctor had a past life together. This also outlines Abigail Williams grudge against Elizabeth Proctor. In addition, the stage direction â€Å"she comes a little closer, with a confidential, wicked air† shows the deep temptation that Abigail Williams has for John Proctor. Abigail Williams has made a confliction for herself between John Proctor and herself, â€Å"My wife is innocent, except she knew a whore when she saw one! † By use of the word â€Å"whore†, John Procter immediately shows the audience the disgust he holds for Abigail Williams for ruining his love life with Elizabeth Proctor. In later acts, John Proctor further shows the audience that he hates her for what she has done when he says â€Å"A whore’s vengeance†. By saying this John Proctor shows the audience how much his life has been ruined due to his affair with Abigail Williams. Abigail Williams holds strong grudges against Elizabeth Proctor, â€Å"It’s a bitter woman, a lying, cold†¦ † This quotation shows the outright hatred she has for Elizabeth Proctor. By referring to Elizabeth Proctor as â€Å"it† shows a lack of respect because she talks about Elizabeth Proctor as if she was an object. Furthermore, Arthur Miller uses the rule of three to emphasise her pure hatred against Elizabeth Proctor. The words that Abigail William’s uses sound cold and dirty, this emphasises her rivalry against Elizabeth Proctor because Abigail William’s is trying to make Elizabeth Proctor sound like she has no heart. When Abigail Williams is introduced, Arthur Miller makes us question her character, â€Å"with an endless capacity for dissembling. † This stage direction shows the audience that Abigail Williams has a bad reputation. The use off the word â€Å"endless† shows that she will stop at nothing to get hew own way; it also puts the audience at the edge of their seats. Abigail Williams also has a reputation for doing anything to get herself out of trouble, â€Å"Not I, Sir- Tituba and Ruth. † The audience recognises that Abigail Williams will lie to get herself out of trouble. This is linked to the McCarthy period where people would blame other’s to climb higher in the social ladder. Arthur Miller also introduces the fact that Abigail Williams is ruthless, aggressive and selfish to the people that surround her. This is reflected in modern day life because Joe McCarthy was also very ruthless to his grudges and rivalries. The girls of Salem are scared by Abigail Williams because she is wicked and sly to them, â€Å"Let either of you breathe a word, or the edge of a word, about the other things and I will come to you in the black of some terrible night and I will bring you pointy reckoning that will shudder you. † From this speech by Abigail Williams the audience can see Abigail Williams controlling the other girls that danced with her in the forest. By use of the word â€Å"black†, Abigail Williams tries to remind the other girls of the devil and scare them. In addition, â€Å"pointy reckoning† is used to scare the girls because it reminds them of the devil and they are extremely religious. Even the â€Å"der† in â€Å"shudder† provokes the feeling of endless pain. Abigail Williams developed her violent lifestyle when she was young, â€Å"I saw Indians smash my dear parents’ heads on the pillow next to mine, and I have seen some reddish work done at night. † From this the audience can sympathise with Abigail Williams because she had a troubled child hood. However, Abigail Williams uses this speech to terrify the girls that danced with her in the forest. The phrase â€Å"next to mine† emphasises the close shave of death that Abigail Williams has had; she introduces to the girls that she has seen someone killed and she knows what its like. Abigail Williams enhances the fact that she has no problems to kill the girls of Salem by saying â€Å"I have seen some reddish work done at night. † In addition, the personal pronoun, â€Å"I† underlines to the girls that she will do it herself. â€Å"Reddish† also enhances the gory and graphical image that Abigail Williams is trying to create inside the other girls heads to scare them further. This imagery does not scare Abigail William’s because she has seen it happen and she is not afraid. Abigail Williams is very good at lying, â€Å"If the girls a saint now, I think it is not easy to prove she’s fraud. † From this dialogue by John Proctor, the audience can see that Abigail Williams has persuaded the court that she is a good citizen of Salem. Using the word â€Å"saint†, John Proctor evokes the feeling that Abigail Williams has got herself a good reputation in the court’s mind. Reverend Parris is the towns Reverend. He has worked very hard to get in his position and he wishes to keep it. However, from Reverend Parris’ high status, he has become very paranoid. This is reflected in the McCarthy period because Joe McCarthy became Senate of the USA and he also got very paranoid. Reverend Parris is obsessed with his reputation and strides for a high status within the Salem society,† he cut a villainous path. † This stage direction evokes the feeling that Reverend Parris is not entirely honest; the use of the word â€Å"cut† connotes that he some how cheated his way to this high ranking authority in the community. This reflects the time in which Arthur Miller was writing The Crucible because Joe McCarthy blamed people for communism to stay as the Senate of the USA. In Act One, Reverend Parris shows his concern for his high status and authority, â€Å"Abigail, I have fought here three years long to bend these stiff-necked people to me, and now, just now when some good respect is rising for me in the parish, you compromise my very character. † From this quote the audience can see how paranoid that Reverend Parris has become. â€Å"Stiff-necked people† enhances the corrupt view of Reverend Parris has on the people of the Salem society; it also puts emphasis on the amount of grudges and rivalries that Reverend Parris has. Reverend Parris is obsessed with his high social status, â€Å"I am not some preaching farmer with a book under my arm; I am a graduate of Harvard College. † From this quote the audience can see that Reverend Parris is trying to make himself look more important. The use of the word â€Å"some† show that Reverend Parris doesn’t think himself to be just anyone. Reverend Parris also uses the word â€Å"farmer† to emphasise on his high education at Harvard College; also he uses â€Å"farmer† to belittle John Proctors low education and simple life and job. Reverend Parris is so eager to rise in social status that he shows little care for his own daughter, â€Å"They will howl me out of Salem for such corruption in my house. † This quote connotes the fact that Reverend Parris does not care about Betty Parris, who is his own daughter. From the word â€Å"me† it is highlighted that he doesn’t care about his family; he just simply looks after himself and his authority. Furthermore, â€Å"howl† puts even more emphasis on how Reverend Parris thinks his grudges and rivalries will attack him if they think that he is corrupt. This is mirrored in the McCarthy period where Joe McCarthy blamed others for communism to make himself rise in the social ladder.

A Working Community – Ellen Goodman

Goodman quotes from her dictionary that geographically a community is defined as a â€Å"body of people who live in one place† and that in the past we â€Å"were members of precincts or parishes or school districts.†Perhaps if people in the past were asked what â€Å"a community† was to them, this would be the definition they would give. Over the years however, people have been increasingly spending more time in their place of employment rather than in their home.Goodman points out that in today’s societies many of us only use the community in which we live – our home – in order to sleep. Communities are becoming more a group of people who get to know each other and interact regularly. They gather around a concept or common goal or interest. Rather than belonging to a community in which we live, we increasingly create â€Å"a sense of belonging† in the workplace – within the community in which we find ourselves most of the time. 2.   Goodman also points out that not only has our â€Å"sense of community †¦ moved from office house to office building† but that â€Å"the labels we wear connect us with the members† and that â€Å"we assume we have something in common† with them. In modern society this notion of assigning labels to oneself and others is becoming more evident.People do this because they want to feel a sense of belonging, a sense that they have things in common with others. A problem not mentioned in Goodman’s article however, is that not only do we assign labels in the workplace, but we tend to describe most people by assigning labels. These labels most often contain assumptions, which in turn become stereotypes3. According to Goodman, in the same way that we have â€Å"replaced our neighborhoods with the workplace,† we have replaced our â€Å"ethnic identity with professional identity.†She goes on to state that the most obvious â€Å"realignment of community† is in the â€Å"mobile professions.† In today’s society many professionals are required to move from city to city in order to fulfill their work. They are able to â€Å"put roots down in their profession† rather than in their place of residence (residential community). This intensifies the shift from home communities to workplace communities and the sense of identifying oneself in terms of profession rather than self.4. Goodman begins her article by providing a few scenarios of people she knows and how they belong to different communities. Most readers would be able to associate with somebody or some community, so by doing this she is setting the scene for her readers; she is appealing to their sense of belonging from the onset and involving them emotionally from the beginning.In fact, she continues to do this throughout the article, especially by using the first person plural pronoun â€Å"we†. She does however, attempt to rationally appeal to her readers by presenting many scenarios and examples to support her arguments but she provides no real facts or figures in support.Her examples need to be extended to give real examples rather than continually referring to issues in general terms. She makes reference to researchers asking Americans what they like best about work but again only in general terms; she doesn’t provide any real evidence of what Americans say.Ethically, she appears to be knowledgeable and reasonable and she certainly tries to establish common ground with her readers but she falls short in not providing any consideration of opposing views.5.   â€Å"Bi-cultural collision† as discussed by Nhu in â€Å"Becoming American in a Constant Cultural Collision† is similar to a â€Å"loss of community,† in that they both refer to a movement of people – a realignment from one â€Å"sense of belonging† to another.

Police Corruption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Police Corruption - Essay Example This way of thinking that concentrates on ritual and continuation of graft creates an environment in which anti-graft, embezzlement, fraud and corruption programs are seen as being radical encroachments on the status quo. Officers may find examples of their morality may be more prone to give an accounting of their personal beliefs than what they see to be a proscribed function of weighing behavior by a set standard. The idea behind the slippery slope is a metaphor—the first step taken on a slippery surface causes problems which tend to snowball, in a relationship that can simply be described as cause and effect. #2 The society-at-large hypothesis assumes that the problems which lead to corruption come from an external source. For example, if a police department is located in a particularly rough city, during a particularly rough time period economically, and there is a lack of leadership and corruption even at the highest offices in the country, the police department becomes a microcosm of a corrupt society. It becomes a reflection of this external corruption. The rotten apple hypothesis states that the police officers hired by a police department are the cause of corruption. The society-at-large hypothesis was external; this is an internal consideration. â€Å"The rotten apple hypothesis is that there is low criterion for the cops hired. This leads to law enforcement’s not being trustable and being bad natured sometimes being a side of the police force. To prevent this, one must do a thorough background screening of the officer being hired† (Buckosh, 2010). The common saying is that â€Å"a few rotten apples spoil the whole bunch.† In other words, a minority of corrupt officers may give the whole department a bad name. The affliction hypothesis is also external. â€Å"The structural or affliction hypothesis is a similar factor to the society at large, where it is forced ethics

Hamlet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Hamlet - Essay Example relationship between siblings is often an indication of the general condition of love and cohesiveness in the family, which is desirable for harmonious living. Inasmuch as effective sibling relationship is encouraged in the family, there are special incidents where it has developed to incest, where siblings engage in sexual relations. Sometimes the father can have an incest relationship with his daughters and boys or the mother engages in an incest relationship with the sons and so forth (Sanni 143). Universally, incest relationship is often regarded as a taboo, yet a lot of arguments over this perspective have increasingly been emerging. This research explores the concept of incest and incestuous desire, examining at how it has become prevalent in the contemporary society. In facilitating this research, emphasis was placed in the quantitative methodologies, which included an examination of the journals and other research works that have been done on the same concept. This also included a number of books and published sources that have been authored on the evolving nature of human relationship. Additionally, some qualitative methods like interviewing were also done among respondents that have experienced this kind of relationships. Community social workers were also engaged in focus group discussions in trying to find out some of the perspectives that have been held by some people concerning this topic. The need for focus group discussion was thought as very effective in that it helped answer some of the crucial questions that many people have continued to hold on the prevalence e of this relationship, inasmuch as it has traditionally been regarded as a taboo. Resource persons, who included community and opinion leaders were also of great help towards understanding the community and cultural perspectives on incest. For a long time, the idea of incest and incestuous relationships has been understood from the traditional, modernist, as well as liner perspective.

Marketing Plan for Sustainable Boosting Of Hollywood Movies in China Dissertation

Marketing Plan for Sustainable Boosting Of Hollywood Movies in China - Dissertation Example The primary market for the distribution of the Hollywood movies is mostly the western markets and the primary target audience was also considered western in nature. With the evolution of technology and the growth of demand for Western lifestyle, more and more consumers across the world, mostly from developing nations of Asia are interested in being the consumers and the audience of high class Hollywood movies. The evolution of consumer taste along with the growing economic prosperity is the emerging markets like China and India are providing a significant rise in disposable income as well as a change in consumer behavior in regards to the demand for Hollywood movies. The Chinese market is considered as a very hot profile market in the Asian region. Faced with a crisis scenario for the shortfall of demand in the domestic Western markets as the effects of economic crisis in the Western world, is increasingly having an impact on the consumer behavior of the western masses, the Hollywood movies are increasingly looking forward to the internationally emerging markets for the Asian countries like China and India for their marketing and distribution in order to boost up their sales and revenue generation from the movies. In order to tap the opportunity arising out of the demand for western made Hollywood movies, this particular marketing plan is being designed to create the ground for Hollywood movies in the Chinese markets for the purpose of maintaining a steady flow of international demand. This will also help for an increase in ticket sales for the western movies in the Chinese markets. The marketing plan comprises of objectives of the marketing plan, an analysis of the business environment from legal, political, social and economic dimensions as well as internal and external analysis. The marketing plan also comprises the process of conducting a primary market research in order to gather first hand consumer insights directly from the market and understand the tast e, preference and choice of movies existent among the Chinese consumers. In the next steps, the marketing plan moves on to cover the marketing strategies like segmentation, targeting and positioning of the movies produced and marketed by Hollywood. The dimensions of the 4P’s of marketing as well as the various implications and conclusions are also taken in to account in the process of creation of the marketing plan in order to enhance the prospect of increased ticket sales and revenue generation for the Hollywood movies distributed in China. Introduction Technology is an ever evolving scientific invention as well as concept of mankind and with the passage of time, the focus of scientists over the years, has always been to develop a more advanced form of technology that will facilitate human interaction and lifestyle in a more efficient manner. This has resulted to the world of today, which has become a highly connected one. Due to the rapid advancement of networking technolog y since the 1990’s along with the high penetration of internet around the year

Value Creation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Value Creation - Essay Example Upon complaining, the attendant would have provided me with another bag of chips or refund me. Evenson (2011) is of the assumption that good customer service is a great determinant of a business success. The author further asserts that good customer service creates an attractive business image in the market (Evenson, 2011). The customer preference is influenced by the human nature requirement of positive interaction. Organizations that spend heavily on creating an effective customer service strategy tend to succeed more that business that ignore the factor. In an argument by Evenson (2011) investing in the creation of an exceptional customer service system improves the market position of an organization. This is based on that good customer service also acts as a marketing strategy. From the arguments presented, it is an accurate assumption that good customer service is a basic business operational requirement. Businesses risk losing market relevance and preference if they ignore the significance and role of good customer

Food revolution(Writing Class) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Food revolution(Writing Class) - Essay Example Not only do they increase the number of diseases affecting the people, they also contribute to the rise for money spent on medical services. As such, people should have a food revolution because they are eating too much unhealthy food. This revolution should focus on the consumption of fresh food, people avoiding the use of additives in their foods, avoiding consuming genetically modified foods and avoiding highly processed foods. Although different people, especially nutritionists and medical experts advocate for the consumption of healthy foods and focusing on healthy eating habits, it is not necessary for people to have a food revolution. Despite the awareness of the various effects that unhealthy foods have on people, it is the choice of every individual to make their own decisions regarding the kind of food they wish to have. It is by choice that people opt to eat healthy food. People have adequate information on the dangers of unhealthy eating, yet they disregard this information, thus increasing their chances of developing diet related complications. As nobody forces people to eat healthy food, they will eat anything they wish. The availability of the foods is one of the major contributing factors to this reality. The more corporations roll out and advertise for new products, people buy them, regardless of whether they are healthy or not. Thus, the blame should not entirely lie on the consumers alone, but the manufacturers too. Some love tasty food raced with additives and additional sugars. These are harmful to their health. However, because it is by choice that they take these foods, they will eat them oblivious of their impact in their bodies. Despite the fact that people will eat whatever they like owing to their personal choices, there is every need for a food revolution across the world. People are eating too much junk food at home and school. As Oliver in the article, â€Å"Teach every child about

Problem solving Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Problem solving - Case Study Example d, 2015), the job vacancy at Connections of New York require the applicant to demonstrate superior knowledge of Oracle database features, tuning and design methodologies (Connections of New York, 2015). The other difference is that the senior NoSQL/MySQL database administrator is to be responsible for engaging in assembling, managing, and maintaining a heterogeneous database environment in the technical operations group (Softworld, 2015). On the other hand, the position of a senior oracle database administrator requires a person with proven technical and architect skills who have the ability to communicate effectively with developers along with other teams of database administrators (Connections of New York, 2015). At Connections of New York the database administrator is tasked with managing and maintaining all Oracle production and non-production databases, design and fix the functioning of the backup and recovery on DBMS, optimize Oracle database resources for optimum database perf ormance, maintaining Oracle availability on various platforms, carrying out short-term and long-term database analysis, creating database administration polices, mentoring database developers on new database technology, and finally, designing and implementing standards for monitoring (Connections of New York, 2015). On the other hand, the database administrator at Softworld is responsible for ensuring data systems are operating smoothly, writing and performing DDL as well as DDL as needed, audit different databases to ensure integrity, carrying out upgrades, working with the data engineering team, and managing storage restructuring as needed, installing patches as required, and deal with database situations, such as queries run amok, replication, and stale stocks (Softworld, 2015). The average salary for a senior database administrator in New York is $ 122,271 annually, according to the United States Department of Labor. Connections of New York. (2015). Database Administrator Senior,

Human freedom and the ten commandments Essay Example for Free

Human freedom and the ten commandments Essay When Jesus was asked, What must I do to inherit eternal life? , he replied: You know the Commandments, keep these and you will live. It has been said, that the Ten Commandments are not simple rules mandated by God, but rather, this set of rules is considered as a gift given to men in order for them to live the life that God has promised. Although the word â€Å"commandment†, by itself, imports something mandatory and obligatory, it must be understood that God has granted each one of his people freedom and independence to choose how he or she will act, and hence, human freedom is an important topic to be discussed alongside the Ten Commandments. It will be seen, that the kind of life that men live is simply a reflection of how he uses the freedom that he has been gifted with. A person can either live a life full of one spent as a good follower of God. Although some would say that it is a question of fate, destiny, or maybe even luck, the truth is that, a person lives a life based on his own choices and decisions. As have been stated, men have been gifted with freedom, and it is up to him how he will utilize this gift. Every person has different forms of needs and wants that have to be dealt with in everyday life. This is where freedom sets in. In allowing absence of restriction, God permits every individual the opportunity to shape his life. It has been stated that this is one risk that God chose to take. â€Å"God risked much in creating us humans with the freedom, now, to unleash horrendous nuclear disaster or to love our fellows across all boundaries. † (Grider, 1994). It is the freedom that each one has been blessed with that enables him to understand and appreciate the life that he has and all the beauty that comes with it. On the other hand, if this freedom is abused, then the consequences that go with it, would also have to be dealt with by the individual concerned. Being free entails a lot of responsibility. It is believed that God granted every individual the gift of freedom, not for the sole reason that he be boundless or limitless. Man is given freedom for him to be responsible for all the things that he says, does or even thinks of. True enough, some philosophers believe that the things that happen to each individual can be traced to the actions and decisions that he chooses to take. Most of the times, it is not up to the heavens if a good or bad thing happens to one person. More of than not, everything that happens to a person can be traced to the course of action that he chose to take. The scriptures that God instructed to be drafted, in essence, are mere forms of guidance for men; but in the end, it is human freedom which will eventually dictate whether or not an individual will live his life by these guidelines. The concept of human freedom is more often discussed by mentioning the story of what happened to Adam and Eve in the garden of Eden. As has been aptly stated, â€Å"these questions as to the nature of human freedom arise especially when we turn our attention to the question of the origin of sin. Only consider how many times the origin of sin has been ascribed to this human freedom of choice, implying this twofold power of man’s nature and of his creaturely existence: to sin or not to sin; a good part and an evil part of his nature. † (Berkouwer, 1962). True enough, God could have stopped the serpent from interacting with Adam and Eve, but due to the freedom that he bestowed the two, they had the choice as to whether or not to take the apple that the serpent offered them. Ultimately then, it is this choice that they made which is the root cause of why they were banished from the garden of Eden. It would appear then that despite the Ten Commandments being set down by God to be sent to his people, the same is not precisely a set of obligatory rules imposed upon men. Rather, the Ten Commandments are considered as a guide as to how each person should live if he wants to experience the kind of life that God promised. This is a kind of life full of happiness, peace, beauty and love. A person’s freedom can lead to this if a person, in choosing paths to take, keeps in mind what the Ten Commandments speak of. Ultimately, it would depend upon the person if he will live the kind of life promised by God ever since the olden times, or if he will use his freedom to lead him to a kind of unspeakable and despicable kind of living. REFERENCE â€Å"The Ten Commandments†, http://www. whitestonejournal. com/tencommandments J. Kenneth Grider , â€Å"Human Freedom†, 1994, http://www. bibleviews. com/humanfreedom. html G. C. Berkouwer, â€Å"Human Freedom†, 1962, http://www. the-highway. com/freedom2_Berkouwer. html

Effect of Ionic Pollution on Aerosol Nucleation

Effect of Ionic Pollution on Aerosol Nucleation EFFECT OF IONIC POLLUTION ON AEROSOL NUCLEATION  AND CLOUD FORMATION ABSTRACT Atmospheric aerosol particles have a strong impact on the global climate and that is the main reason for many observed events of new aerosol formation being not understood. Forwarding, to explain these events one of the theory put is that the presence of ions can enhance the formation of aerosols in the atmosphere. This theory is called ion induced nucleation and in this paper, the state of observations and theory within the field is reviewed. While evidence for ion induced nucleation is accumulating the exact mechanism is still not known and more research is required to understand and quantify the effect. Keywords: Atmospheric aerosols, climate change, ion nucleation, nucleation rate, bulk nucleation Shivani Avasthi Deptt. Of Physics, Raj Kumar Goel Institute of Technology Ghaziabad U.P. [emailprotected] INTRODUCTION The role of ions in the production of aerosols is among the least understood, but potentially is an important process in the Earth’s atmosphere. Observation has shown that the nucleation of aerosol particles can occur under conditions that cannot be explained by classical nucleation theory [8]. Several ideas have been put forward to solve this nucleation problem, e.g. ion-induced nucleation [11, 13]. However, experimental investigations exploring the role of ions in particle production are scarce and often at conditions far removed from those relevant for the lower part of the atmosphere [1]. Since production rates at the size of 3 nm were observed to be 1–10 cm-3s-1, and numerical simulations yielded nucleation rates of initial stable clusters (approx. 1 nm) around 0.1–1 cm-3s-1, it is suggested that ions are active in continuously generating a reservoir of small thermodynamically stable clusters that can then rapidly grow in the presence of condensable vapours [9, 10, 12]. These results demonstrate that ions probably play an important role in the production of new aerosol particles in the Earth’s atmosphere. The chemical composition of aerosols is widely varied from largest size of fine mineral dust, to soot, to sulphate and nitrate salts. Human activities, especially fossil fuel burning, produce a lot of aerosols. In general, aerosols are more abundant over continents than over the oceans, which have consequences in form of the clouds that form there. Because aerosols interact with radiation and are crucial to cloud formation, they can strongly affect climate. Not all aerosol particles can be used to form a cloud droplet: certain criteria apply. Those aerosols meeting these criteria are called cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). There are 2 types of aerosol which can act as CCN: The aerosol is insoluble but wettable (or hydrophilic), and sufficiently large. A surface is wettable when water collects on it in a thin film rather than bunching into drops (the opposite of a wettable surface is called hydrophobic, the classic example being a well-waxed car). 2. The other way for an aerosol to act as a CCN is for it to be soluble and large enough. Though there is still a size restriction, it is much less stringent than in the previous case. Because there are many more small aerosols than larger ones, this is the most common way for cloud droplets to form. Aerosols are present throughout the atmosphere and affect Earth’s climate directly through backscattering of sunlight and indirectly by altering cloud properties [4]. A ternary nucleating agent such as ammonia has been proposed to enhance the nucleation process by stabilizing early cluster formation [14]. Another possibility is that ions, produced mainly by galactic cosmic rays, can play an important role to give out the observed nucleation rates [13]. In this paper the role of ions in aerosol nucleation is reviewed. Two areas: Theory and Experimental studies are described in separate sections. In theory section, the various theories are mentioned to understand the nucleation. Experimental studies covers all measurements performed in the atmosphere from studies of the general behaviour of ions to particle nucleation observations where the role of ions is considered. This section also describes laboratory measurements from nucleation events to investigations of single reactions. Finally the state of the field is summarized. THEORITICAL APPROACHES A competition between the growth and evaporation of molecular clusters is called as Nucleation. For a stable cluster to be formed an initial energy barrier must be overcome – this barrier is due to the surface tension of the cluster. The height of this barrier is determined by the temperature and concentration of the nucleating species. There are several good introductions to nucleation theory as mentioned by Curtius [2]. This section deals with how the addition of an electrical charge alters the nucleation process. Thermodynamic theory The classical approach to bi- molecular homogeneous nucleation uses thermodynamics for the nucleation rate J is given as J = J0 exp (-à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  G*/kT) (1) where the pre exponential factor J0 = (2 ÏÆ' /Ï€ m)1/2 Ï 2v /Ï l depends upon the kinetics of the system and à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  G* is the free energy of formation of the critical cluster (the required cluster size to overcome the energy barrier), k is the Boltzmann’s constant, T the temperature, Ï v is the density of the supersaturated vapour , m is the mass of monomer molecules, Ï l the bulk liquid density. Kinetic theory One of the first kinetic models was developed by Yu et al. [17] in order to simulate exhaust plumes from aeroplanes. Coagulation processes were so fast that the thermodynamic solution did not apply and the evolution of heat in the plumes resulted in very high ion concentrations. Coagulation, condensation and evaporation were treated, and neutral, positive, and negative clusters were examined from 0.56 nm up to 0.56 ÃŽ ¼m size with individual bins for the first five molecules and bin sizes increasing by 20% per bin. All the parameters used were calculated from theory. It was concluded by the theory that the effect of changing ion concentration is highest when the ion production and Fig. 1- Gibbs free Energy barrier (Curtius, [2]) the pre-existing aerosol surface are low to begin with and when condensable gas concentrations are high. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES Ion nucleation A review of atmospheric ion formation and different mechanisms for nucleation via ions was given by Harrison [6]. Large positive cluster ions (mass 2500 amu) were detected in the upper troposphere for the first time in 2002 using a large ion mass spectrometer [3]. The most common ions measured were composed of water, acetone, and a proton. Two larger modes were also detected. The lesser of these could be explained by the uptake of sulphuric acid but there were insufficient amounts of condensable gases to explain the largest measured particles by any other means than attachment of small aerosols to the ion clusters. The required concentration of these aerosols was 2.5 * 104 cm-3 and their presence could not be explained by homogeneous nucleation, which strongly indicated that the ions participated in the formation of clusters. The particles formed during a nucleation event were overcharged with negative ions indicating the participation of negative ion chemistry in the nucleation process. However little change in the number of small cluster ions (stable ions with a diameter of (~1.5 nm) was observed during the events, contrary to what would be expected from ion-induced nucleation (INU). This was possibly due to mixing of air parcels or a decrease in the ion condensation sink to other particles previous to the events. An instrument to measure the charged fraction of particles in nucleation events has been developed by Laakso et al. [7]. Particles were passed through a charger that could be turned on and off, and the size distribution was then determined by a differential mobility particle size counter with a switchable polarity to measure either positive or negative ions. A charged fraction above the expected equilibrium was detected in many cases indicating a contribution from INU. Negative overcharging was more common than positive. In order to test the theories and understand what to look for in field studies it is necessary to do experiments under controlled conditions. There are three main approaches to experimental investigation of INU. One approach explains the ion nucleation. Second approach operates on a macroscopic level trying to determine the influence of ions on bulk nucleation. The second approach is to investigate the molecular reactions taking place in an attempt to understand each step in the mechanism of particle formation. Bulk nucleation The first of this kind of experiments are the ones conducted by Wilson [16] where an expansion chamber was exposed to various kinds of ionizing radiation, and an increase in density of the resulting fog was reported. With the advent of particle counters more detailed studies became possible, and the relation between generated particles and radiation doses of alpha rays, beta rays, and x-rays were reported [10]. The doses used were from 1 to 15 rads forming ion concentrations orders of magnitude above atmospheric levels, and using this span of doses the particle production rate was increased by more than a factor of 100. Molecular reaction By investigating directly the molecules involved in the nucleation process more information about details of the mechanism may be revealed. It was found that the mole fraction of sulphuric acid approached that of neutral clusters with increasing cluster size [15]. Small negative clusters had more sulphuric acid than neutrals and the small positive clusters had less. The clusters did not grow to the sizes expected from the rate of collision between clusters and sulphuric acid, meaning that detachment of sulphuric acid played an important role. It was also shown that growth was more effective for negative than for positive clusters. A later study using the same setup determined the hydration constants for the clusters and using the obtained data together with data from Froyd et al. [5], the authors simulated the obtained mass spectra. SUMMARY Evidence for the importance of ions in aerosol nucleation is accumulating. We have shown above experimental studies, as well as the theoretical formulations which indicate that INU is a real effect, even under atmospheric conditions. In some studies the effect of ions is seen directly [12]. Some of the studies presented here indicate that the contribution from INU is just a few percent, compared to other nucleation mechanisms [7]. On the other hand there are also studies which point to ions as being a dominant source of new particles [18]. Models also do not agree where in the atmosphere INU can take place [9].The main question being whether it can happen in the boundary layer or not, and more data is required to improve the theories. One major obstacle to overcome in order to quantify the effect of INU is to determine the exact mechanism. It is well established that sulphate species play an important role, however the participation of other compounds cannot be ruled out. However, more investigations under atmospheric conditions are required to confirm and quantify the effect at varying temperatures and pressures. To further elucidate the potential impact on cloud formation, growth from freshly nucleated particles to cloud droplets must be investigated. REFERENCES. [1] Bricard, J., F. Billard, G. Madelaine: Formation and evolution of nuclei of condensation that appear in air initially free of aerosols, J. Geophys. Res. 73(1968) 4487– 4496. [2] Curtius, J.: Nucleation of atmospheric aerosol particles, C. R Phys. 7(2006), 1027-1045. [3] Eichkorn, S., F. Arnold, R. Busen: Massive positive and negative ions in the exhaust of an aircraft jet engine at ground-level: mass distribution measurement and implications for aerosol formation, Atmos. Environ. 36 (2002), 1821–1825. [4] Forster, P., V. Ramaswamy, P. Artaxo: Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing in climate change, Cambridge Univ. Press, 2007, 171–180. [5] Froyd, K. D. and E. R. Lovejoy: Experimental Thermodynamic of Cluster ions, J. Phys. Chem. A 107(2003 a), 9812–9824. [6] Harrison, R. G.: Cloud Formation and the possible significance of charge for atmospheric condensation and ice nuclei, Space Sci. Rev. 94 (2000), 381–396. [7] Laakso, L., A. Hirsikko, M. Kulmala: Detecting charging state of ultra-fine particles: instrumental development and ambient measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7(2007), 1333– 1345. [8] Lee, S.H., J. M. Reeves, J. C. Wilson: Particle formation by ion nucleation in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, Science 301 (2003), 1886–1889. [9] Lovejoy, E. R., J. Curtius, K. D. Froyd: Atmospheric ion induced nucleation of sulfuric acid and water, J. Geophys. Res. 109 D (2004), 8204–8214. [10] Megaw, W. J. and R. D. Wiffen: The generation of condensation nuclei by ionizing radiation, Pure Appl. Geophys. 50(1961), 118–128. [11] Raes, F., A. Janssens, R. Van Dingenen: The role of ion-induced aerosolformation in the lower atmosphere, J. Aerosol Sci. 17 (1986), 466–470. [12] Svensmark, H., J. Pedersen, M. B. Enghoff: Experimental evidence for the role of ion in particle nucleation under atmospheric conditions, Proc. Roy. Soc. A 463 (2007), 385–396. [13] Turco, R., P. Zhao, F. Yu: A new source of tropospheric aerosols: Ion-ion recombination, Geophys. Res. Lett. 25 (1998), 635– 638. [14] Weber, R. J., P. H. McMurry, L. Mauldin: A study of new particle formation and growth involving biogenic and trace gas species, J. Geophys. Res. 103(1998), 16385–16396. [15] Wilhelm, S. D. and F. Arnold: Ion-induced aerosol formation: new insights from laboratory measurements of mixed cluster ions, Atmos. Environ. 38(2004), 1734–1744 [16] Wilson, C. T. R.: The Effect of R ¨ontgen’s Rays on Cloudy Condensation, Proc. Roy. Soc. 59 (1895), 338–339. [17] Yu, F. and R. P. Turco: The formation of aerosols in stratospheric aircraft plumes: Numerical simulations and comparisons with observations, J. Geophys. Res. 103(2008), 25915– 25934. .